These coins were mostly made at mints in Oslo, Trondheim and Bergen. So only hobbyists from three counties -Troms, Nordland and Oppland - find the same proportion of Norwegian to foreign coins as archaeologists. “In other parts of the country, discoveries by hobbyists made in recent years are quite different from the findings archaeologists have made during 150 years of work,” Gullbekk says. “One possibility is that we are facing something that, from a historical perspective, is very interesting- and that means the history of Norwegian coin use in the Middle Ages must be rewritten,” he says. King Eirik Magnusson (1280-1299) designed the Norwegian national coat of arms as we know it today. In keeping with the ideals of the time, the choice fell on something as unoriginal as a lion. King Eirik then put an axe between its paws and a crown on its head. In a strict sense, the term Rayleigh fractionation should refer only to open systems, where the removed isotopic species are in the thermodynamic and isotopic equilibrium with those remaining in the system, the reactant reservoir is infinite and well mixed, and it did not re-react with the extract. However, the term is commonly used also to describe finite, closed reservoirs and kinetic fractionations as well, because the situations may be computationally identical ( Kendall and Caldwell, 1998). The Rayleigh equation can be employed for the investigation of a plethora of geological processes, where fluid and mineral phases are separated by fractionation, crystallization, evaporation, or condensation. The isotope enrichment achieved can be very different in closed versus open systems. For example, Figure 1 shows the changes in the δ 18O of water and vapor during both open-system (solid lines) and closed-system (dashed lines) evaporation with a constant fractionation factor α l− v=1.010 (i.e., the newly formed vapor is always 10‰ lower than the residual water). During open-system evaporation where the vapor is continuously removed (i.e., isolated from the water), as evaporation progresses (i.e., f → 0), the δ 18O of the remaining water (solid line A) becomes higher. The δ 18O of the instantaneously formed vapor (solid line B) describes a curve parallel to that of the remaining water, but lower than it (for all values of f) by the precise amount dictated by the fractionation factor for ambient temperature, in this case by 10‰. For higher temperatures, the α value would be smaller and the curves closer together. The integrated curve, giving the isotopic composition of the accumulated vapor thus removed, is shown as solid line C. Mass-balance considerations require that the isotope content of the total accumulated vapor approaches the initial water δ 18O value as f → 0. Hence, any process that can be modeled as a Rayleigh fractionation will not exhibit fractionation between the product and source if the process proceeds to completion (with 100% yield). assheburnham Justiciar." is mentioned.This is a rare occurrence in nature since hydrologic systems are neither commonly completely open nor completely closed systems.įigure 1. In the binding is a strip of a legal document (xvi) in which " Will. The rubric of the next tract has had a piece of paper pasted over it. Quantum mihi uidetur dilectissime Dulciti.į.55b Finit liber questionum decem solutarum a b. doctoris egregii de decem questionibus ad Dulcicium nomine quendam amicum suum ad instanciam petitionis sue. In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti assit lectori solamen spiritus almi. augustini episcopi et doctoris de prouerbiis Salomonis ab eo loco quo ait: Mulierem fortem quis inueniet? usque et laudent eam in portis opera eius. et de misericordia nobis demandata dirimitur.Ģ. f.1 Aurelii Augustini egregii oratoris liber incipit de sermone domini facto in monte (P.L. In libro quinto de consideracione Quid est deus? Qui est.įragrat bernardus sacer in dictis quasi nardus.Į quibus hic tractus liber est in scripta redactus.Īn omission near the end of lib. bernardi abbatis clareuallensisĭe eo quod est deus. liber primus collectarum excepcionum de diuersis opusculis b. Sint ergo sine malicia mores.Ĭum non essem alicui externo magno opere occupatus-per annotaciones ibi iuxta se positas.į.2 Capitula of the ten books, not rubricated throughout.į.6 Inc. Pax est in uerbis id odoriferis opus herbis. The last four items are noted as absent in two hands of cent. Item introductiones ex diuersis dictis poetarum collectis ad mores hominum corrigendos. de decem questionibus ad dulcicium amicum suum Item de prouerbiis salomonis super mulierem fortem etc. In isto volumine continentur libri subscripti. On f.1 is an old table of contents (xiv).
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